Apollo 2

Apollo 2 is a modular humanoid robot platform developed by Apptronik for industrial pilots, robotics data collection, and embodied-AI research. Apptronik publicly unveiled it on June 30, 2026, alongside an expansion of its Robot Park training facility in Austin, Texas. The company offers bipedal and wheeled-base versions and describes Apollo 2 as the current version of the broader Apollo platform.^[1]

Apollo 2 is not Apptronik's planned mass-market commercial generation. Chief executive Jeff Cardenas has called it a prototype for scaled pilots and data collection, with lessons from the platform feeding the forthcoming Apollo 3. Apptronik said Apollo 2 had been in use since February 2025 before its public unveiling. Reuters reported that the company had built hundreds of units, although it declined to disclose how many were deployed. Apptronik expected pilots to continue through 2026, with production versions entering use in 2027 and later.^[3][4]

On July 30, 2026, one month after the unveiling, Apollo 2 became the flagship demonstration platform for Gemini Robotics 2, Google DeepMind's second numbered generation of robotics foundation models. Every whole-body and multi-finger result Google DeepMind published with that launch was measured on Apollo 2 hardware, which makes the robot the most heavily documented humanoid in the Gemini Robotics program even though Apptronik itself has published almost no specifications for it.^[16]

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The pattern in that table is the point. Apptronik has published operating concepts (7x22 uptime, modular mobility, safety zones) and design intents (90% actuator efficiency) for Apollo 2, but not a single dimensional, mass, payload, or joint-count figure. Every hard number attached to Apollo 2 in public as of July 2026 comes either from CEO interviews or from Google DeepMind's evaluations of its own models running on the robot.

Announcement and development status

Apptronik announced Apollo 2 as the hardware component of a larger humanoid system rather than as a finished commercial product. The company's platform description separates the stack into three parts. Apollo 2 is the physical robot, Artemis coordinates perception, planning, control, safety, task execution, and interaction, and Fleet Connect provides fleet monitoring, task orchestration, deployment management, and data collection.^[2]

The public launch came considerably later than the first hardware build. Cardenas said Apptronik had Apollo 2 in February 2025 and chose not to show it until the company had built more units and improved performance. In September 2025, before the name was public, he had confirmed that a new Apollo version was entering pilot tests but did not provide its specifications.^[4][6]

He was blunter about the delay after the unveiling. "We really wanted to show off the capabilities of Apollo 2 as much as we could when we launched it," he told A3's Automated newsletter. "I don't know that I would wait 18 months again to show off a robot because I got a lot of people that wanted to see it. But yeah, we've had it since February of 2025, and now we have Apollo 2s all over the world today performing real work and doing data collection."^[15]

Apptronik's June 2026 release calls Apollo 2 the current platform and says it had already served as Robot Park's workhorse for more than a year. That role includes both teleoperated data collection and autonomous task execution. The data supports development of Apollo 3, which Apptronik identifies as its next-generation commercial product. Reuters separately reported that the company intended to remain in pilot activity through 2026 rather than begin production deployment immediately.^[1][3]

Hardware and disclosed specifications

Modular mobility

Apollo 2 uses a common upper-body platform with either legs or a wheeled base. The bipedal version is intended for spaces and work areas built around human movement. The wheeled version favors stability, travel efficiency, and longer operation in structured industrial facilities. Apptronik says both versions are in pilots, and that wheeled systems can be deployed at larger scale while the company continues to develop the safety and reliability of bipedal locomotion.^[1][4]

The wheeled configuration has one capability the bipedal version does not. Cardenas said it carries an expanding z-axis that lets the robot reach up to about seven feet, which matters for warehouse racking and high shelves that a fixed-height humanoid cannot serve. Apptronik has not published the travel range of that axis, its lift capacity at full extension, or the base footprint.^[15]

Modularity was already part of the 2023 Apollo concept, which could use legs, a wheeled base, or a stationary mount. Apollo 2 therefore does not introduce the idea of interchangeable mobility. Its current role is to apply the same platform across data-collection and pilot environments, with Apptronik publicly emphasizing the bipedal and wheeled configurations.^[1][5]

Actuation and mechanical design

Apptronik says Apollo 2 uses its own patented actuator technology and that the actuator platform is designed for more than 90% energy efficiency, maintainability, volume manufacturing, and reduced dependence on single-source suppliers. The product page does not identify the actuator count, joint layout, motor type, gearbox type, torque ratings, or which patent families are implemented in Apollo 2.^[2]

Cardenas has confirmed that the actuators are new rather than carried over. "It's a significant upgrade over Apollo 1," he said. "A next generation of actuation is in Apollo 2." He did not describe what changed at the component level, and Apptronik has published no torque, backdrivability, or thermal figures for either generation.^[15] The first Apollo was described at its 2023 launch as using a combination of custom linear and rotary actuators built with fewer parts than the company's earlier machines.^[20]

Apptronik's patent portfolio includes an active patent for a compact series elastic actuator with an elastic component and force-sensing arrangement, as well as a later patent for a radially stacked actuator. A separate humanoid-robot patent application describes upper-body and shoulder arrangements. These filings document Apptronik's engineering work, but none is a public bill of materials for Apollo 2. They cannot establish the exact actuator configuration of the announced robot.^[12][13][14]

Hands, perception, and human interaction

The Apollo 2 product page states that the robot supports dexterous manipulation and object handling but gives no finger count, hand degrees of freedom, tactile-sensor specification, grip force, or end-effector supplier. Google DeepMind's 2025 Gemini Robotics technical report describes a full-size Apollo research platform with five-fingered dexterous hands. The report predates the Apollo 2 announcement and does not identify that setup as Apollo 2, so it shows a research configuration rather than a confirmed production hand.^[8]

Apptronik has disclosed that Apollo 2 contains perception systems, but it has not named its cameras, depth sensors, inertial sensors, tactile sensors, processors, or onboard compute performance. Cardenas has said only that Apollo 2 carries "new sensors on the robot, so new camera placement for data collection," without identifying models or counts.^[15] The robot has an expressive LED mouth, coordinated lighting, speech and listening functions, and a chest display that can show status, battery level, charging state, and task progress. These interfaces are intended to make its state and intended activity legible during human-robot interaction.^[2]

On compute, the only hard figure Apptronik has ever published applies to the first generation. Its March 2024 collaboration announcement with NVIDIA stated that "Apollo's main computing system, including onboard NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin and Jetson Orin NX modules, enables the AI-powered robot to efficiently leverage cutting-edge models." Whether Apollo 2 retains those modules, moves to Jetson Thor, or uses something else has not been said.^[21]

End effectors: Inspire and SharpaWave hands

Apptronik treats the hand as a swappable module rather than a fixed part of the robot, and it has never named a standard Apollo 2 end effector. Cardenas said the company has "tested out a variety of different end effectors and hands on Apollo 2 overall," which is the closest thing to an official statement on the subject.^[15]

Two third-party hands are documented on Apollo 2 because Google DeepMind named them. Its Gemini Robotics 2 launch reported results for "the Apptronik Apollo 2 robot with SharpaWave hands" and "the Apollo 2 robot with Inspire hands," treating the two as separate embodiments driven by the same model checkpoint.^[16]

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The division of labor between the two hands in Google DeepMind's evaluations is informative in itself. The Inspire configuration was used for gross whole-body picking, and the higher-count SharpaWave for the fine-motor tasks such as tying a knot or sealing a bag. Neither is a confirmed Apptronik shipping configuration, and Apptronik has not said whether it intends to build its own hand for Apollo 3 or continue sourcing externally.

Power and operating time

Apollo 2 supports swappable batteries, opportunity charging during idle periods, and tethered operation. Apptronik says battery swaps can enable 7x22 operation, meaning the system is designed around up to 22 operating hours per day across a seven-day schedule. This is an operating model, not a battery-capacity figure. The company has not published Apollo 2's battery chemistry, capacity, voltage, charging time, pack mass, or runtime on one pack.^[2]

Cardenas has added two details that Apptronik's own materials omit. Apollo 2 "has a bigger battery, better at achieving that four-hour runtime, depending on what it's doing," and "the battery was safety rated this time so that we could get out to customer sites."^[15] The second point is the more consequential of the two: a safety-rated pack is a precondition for shipping a robot into a third-party facility, and it helps explain why Apollo 2 fleets could be placed at Mercedes-Benz and GXO sites while the first generation stayed closer to home.

The distinction matters because Apptronik's original 2023 Apollo announcement specified four hours per swappable battery. NASA described an updated Apollo in early 2026 as 5 feet 8 inches tall, 160 pounds, and able to carry 55 pounds, but did not name that version Apollo 2. Those legacy figures should not be treated as Apollo 2 specifications unless Apptronik confirms that the new hardware retained them.^[5][7]

Software and learning system

Artemis is Apptronik's robot-control layer. The company says it links perception and planning to whole-body control, safety systems, task execution, and interaction. Fleet Connect is the operations layer for monitoring multiple robots, assigning work, managing deployments, and collecting fleet data. Apptronik has not disclosed the operating system, supported developer interfaces, communications protocols, or whether every Gemini Robotics model runs onboard.^[2]

Apollo 2 also serves as an embodiment for Gemini Robotics, a family of vision-language-action models that maps visual observations and instructions to robot actions. Google has demonstrated Gemini Robotics across several robot forms, including Apollo, and describes the models as transferable across embodiments. At Robot Park, Apptronik combines real-world teleoperation, autonomous execution, and physics simulation to collect task data. That dataset is used to train and refine Gemini Robotics models intended for future Apptronik fleets.^[1][8]

The relationship dates to December 19, 2024, when Apptronik announced a strategic partnership with Google DeepMind's robotics team. The two companies described a division of labor in which Apptronik supplies hardware and embodied engineering and Google DeepMind supplies the models. Google is also an Apptronik investor and co-led the company's February 2026 funding round.^[18][22]

Gemini Robotics 2 evaluations on Apollo 2

Main article: Gemini Robotics 2

Google DeepMind announced Gemini Robotics 2 on July 30, 2026 and used Apollo 2 as the platform for its headline capability: driving an entire humanoid, in the company's phrasing, "from feet to fingertips" rather than controlling an upper body from a fixed stance. The demonstration task was to put a watering can into the green bin on a bottom shelf. Apollo 2 walked to a table, picked up the can, stepped over to the shelving, and placed it. Google DeepMind noted in the same post that "our robots have more to advance in movement speed."^[16]

Everything in this section is Google DeepMind's evaluation of its own models running on Apollo 2. None of it is an Apptronik specification for the robot, and none of it should be read as a statement about what Apollo 2 does under Apptronik's own Artemis software.

A single model checkpoint drove three embodiments in the published results: Apollo 2 with SharpaWave hands, Apollo 2 with Inspire hands, and a Franka Duo bi-arm platform with a Robotiq gripper. Two of the three are Apollo 2, which is why the robot carries most of the evidential weight in the release. Google DeepMind reports each whole-body and gripper bar as an average success rate across multiple tasks within a skill category, and the multi-finger bars as individual task results.^[16]

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Google DeepMind's own caption states that while the model reaches medium to high success on whole-body and gripper-based tasks, "the multi-finger dexterous manipulation remains challenging."^[16] Two contrasts inside the Apollo 2 numbers are worth naming. Picking an object off the floor (45.7%) is far harder than picking it off a shelf (76.3%), which is a whole-body control problem rather than a grasping one: reaching down moves the robot's center of mass while it is holding a load. And unscrewing a bulb (92%) beats screwing one in (36%) by 56 points, the widest gap in the package. Undoing a threaded fitting requires finding a purchase that already exists; starting one requires aligning and seating threads by feel.

Google DeepMind also ran Apollo 2 in its multi-robot collaboration demonstration, pairing the humanoid with a Franka F3 Duo arm so that two different machine types divide one workflow, communicating through what the company calls a shared semantic understanding under the coordination of the Gemini Robotics ER 2 reasoning model.^[34] Apollo 2 supplied the real-world scenes for one of the ASIMOV-Agentic benchmark components as well: Google DeepMind sampled instruction-ambiguity scenes from tasks using "Apptronik's Apollo 2 humanoid and the Franka Duo bi-manual manipulator."^[17]

Safety approach

Apollo 2's published safety design uses at least two spatial zones. An impact zone is intended to pause movement when an object enters a defined close radius. A configurable perimeter zone can change the robot's behavior when people, equipment, or obstacles enter the surrounding workspace. Apptronik also says the wheeled configuration was designed to conform with existing industrial mobile-robot safety standards, while the bipedal version remains a platform for developing walking safety and reliability in real settings.^[1][2]

The company has not named a specific safety standard or published a certification report for Apollo 2. It has also not disclosed validated collision-force limits, stopping distances, safety-rated sensor models, ingress protection, or environmental operating limits. Apptronik's descriptions of context-aware AI reasoning are design claims and do not replace independently reported functional-safety test results.

How Apollo units are actually kept away from people in current pilots is more conventional than the marketing suggests. Cardenas told CNBC in February 2026 that Apollo robots work inside designated areas defined by external sensors and light curtains, so that the robot pauses if a person crosses a boundary. He described genuine collaborative safety, in which the humanoid slows, stops, or moves around a person the way a co-worker would, as future engineering rather than a shipped capability.^[18] Apptronik chief commercial officer Barry Phillips made the same point at the Apollo 2 launch: "For truly useful humanoid robots, safety and reliability have to advance alongside capability."^[32]

Google DeepMind's separate safety technical report, dated July 29, 2026, contains the only quantified safety results published for Apollo 2 by anyone. In a garage environment, an Apollo 2 performed an object-sorting task while a human actor walked into the workspace from a range of approach angles. The Gemini Robotics ER 2 model flagged human presence at configurable thresholds of 1 and 2 meters, told the action model to settle in-hand objects and move the robot to a safe pose, and resumed the task on its own after the person left. Google DeepMind reports that "in lab settings, we observed 99% human detection accuracy and 96% reliability in transitioning to a safe pose."^[17]

Those figures describe the model's behavior, not the robot's certification status, and Google DeepMind says so directly: the report "does not evaluate the underlying functional safety architecture, including certified hardware components, redundancy mechanisms, and real-time system guarantees, necessary to safely execute those decisions in a compliant physical deployment."^[17] A 99% detection rate also means one miss in a hundred, which is why the same report argues that learned perception should sit on top of deterministic low-level guardrails rather than replace them.

Differences from the original Apollo

The first Apollo was unveiled on August 23, 2023. Its public specifications included a height of 5 feet 8 inches, a weight of 160 pounds, a 55-pound payload, and four hours of runtime per swappable battery. Apollo 2 is a later hardware generation, but Apptronik has not published a component-by-component comparison or repeated those measurements for the new platform.^[5]

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This comparison identifies changes in Apptronik's public positioning and disclosed platform layers. It does not establish that every feature in the right column was absent from internal versions of the earlier robot.

Cardenas's June 2026 interview supplies the only engineering-level change list either company has offered, and it is short: a new generation of actuation, a larger and safety-rated battery, new sensors with new camera placement for data collection, and testing of several different end effectors. He framed the whole set as "a significant upgrade over Apollo 1" while keeping the prototype label attached to both.^[15]

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Robot Park and deployments

Apptronik's expanded Austin Robot Park occupies nearly 90,000 square feet. Fleets of bipedal and wheeled Apollo 2 robots perform customer-driven tasks in logistics, manufacturing, retail, and related workflows. Apptronik says similar data-collection operations are active at Google DeepMind and at customer sites operated by Mercedes-Benz and GXO. The robots generate data through a mix of remote operation and autonomous execution.^[1]

The building has a fitting history for a data-collection facility: Cardenas said the space formerly served as a Dell server plant. Apptronik had leased roughly 60,000 square feet across the street from its Austin headquarters around the time of its February 2026 funding announcement, and the footprint then grew to about 90,000 square feet under the Robot Park name. It replaces a much smaller in-office area the company had been using for model training.^[15][31] Apptronik employs more than 350 people and traces the program to the Human Centered Robotics Lab at the University of Texas at Austin, drawing on 15 earlier robots including NASA's Valkyrie.^[32]

Apptronik has not published a site-by-site unit count, paid utilization, task success rate, intervention rate, or hours worked without failure. Reuters reported that Cardenas would say only that the company had built hundreds of Apollo 2 robots. The same report said the facility was intended to move the program from pilots toward later production deployments.^[3] Asked directly by Forbes how many Apollo 2 units exist, Cardenas said: "We haven't released the specific numbers of the Apollo 2s, but lots of robots."^[31]

The named customer relationships began before Apollo 2 was publicly identified. Mercedes-Benz announced an Apollo pilot in March 2024 for assembly-kit delivery, component inspection, and tote movement in manufacturing plants. GXO began an early-stage proof of concept in June 2024 to evaluate warehouse applications. Apptronik's 2026 release identifies both companies as Robot Park network sites, but neither partner has published Apollo 2 fleet size or production-throughput results.^[10][11]

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Foxconn is sometimes listed alongside these companies in secondary write-ups. Apptronik's press-release archive contains no Foxconn announcement, and no dated primary source establishes such a relationship, so it is omitted here.^[33]

Manufacturing partnership

In February 2025, Jabil became Apptronik's worldwide manufacturing partner for Apollo. The companies said Jabil would build robots, use newly manufactured units for validation in its own factories, and test tasks including inspection, sorting, kitting, lineside delivery, fixture placement, and subassembly. The partnership also targets a simpler bill of materials and a supply chain that can support production in multiple regions.^[9]

The Jabil announcement predates the Apollo 2 name and refers to Apollo generally. Public sources do not specify how many Apollo 2 units Jabil has built, which plants produce them, the production rate, or the unit cost. Apollo 2's known manufacturing role is therefore limited to prototype and pilot-scale learning. Apptronik has assigned broader commercial scaling to Apollo 3.^[3][4]

Production plans, pricing, and availability

Apollo 2 is not for sale. Apptronik has published no price, no order page, and no delivery timetable for it, and the robot reaches third parties only through pilot and data-collection agreements negotiated directly with the company. What exists in public is a set of intentions and third-party expectations, which should be kept separate from anything shipped.

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Cardenas declined to tell CNBC when the robots would be widely produced or what they would be able to do when they first ship, saying Apptronik would reveal more later in the year.^[18] The company signalled the direction of travel through hiring rather than dates: on April 28, 2026 it announced five senior appointments aimed at commercialization, including Daniel Chu as chief product officer from Waymo and Kevin Garell as senior vice president of services and support from Boston Dynamics, the latter a role that only matters once machines are in customers' hands.^[23]

Competitive context

Apollo 2's position among full-size humanoids is unusual. It has more published third-party evaluation than almost any competitor, because Google DeepMind measures its models on it, and less published hardware specification than almost any competitor, because Apptronik does not release a datasheet.

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The split in that table is between companies selling a robot and companies selling a program. Unitree and 1X publish full specifications and prices because a buyer needs them to place an order. Apptronik, Figure, and Tesla publish capability narratives because their machines are not orderable, and a datasheet on an unshipped prototype mostly creates a commitment to hit numbers later. Apptronik is the most explicit of the three about this: it calls Apollo 2 a prototype outright and points buyers at Apollo 3.

Where Apollo 2 does lead is external validation. No other humanoid has a frontier lab publishing per-task success rates and lab safety measurements on it, which is a direct consequence of Google DeepMind building no robots of its own and needing a partner body for physical AI work. That arrangement gives Apptronik evidence its competitors lack, and gives Google DeepMind a platform it does not have to manufacture. It also means the most-cited Apollo 2 numbers measure someone else's software.

Limitations and open questions

The honest reading of the July 2026 evidence is that Apollo 2 is a capable research and data-collection body whose measured task reliability is well short of what a production deployment would need.

• Fine-motor reliability is low. A 36% success rate at screwing in a bulb, 32% at using a dustpan, and 40% at sealing a ziplock bag are research results, not deployable ones. A task that fails two times in three cannot be put on a line without a human standing by. Google DeepMind labels this category "challenging" in its own chart caption.^[16]
• The lab is not the floor. The whole-body and safety figures come from Robot Park-style settings and a garage, with staged human approaches. Apptronik has published no intervention rate, mean time between failures, or throughput figure from a paying customer site.^[1][17]
• Current pilots rely on physical guarding. Apollo units work inside sensor-defined areas with light curtains. Collaborative operation alongside unrestricted human movement is stated as an engineering goal, not a present capability.^[18]
• Speed is unresolved. Google DeepMind states plainly that its robots "have more to advance in movement speed," and cycle time is what determines whether a humanoid beats a fixed automation cell on cost.^[16]
• The specification vacuum is real. Without height, mass, payload, joint count, or runtime, an integrator cannot size a workcell, and no third party can independently check Apptronik's claims about efficiency or uptime.
• The demonstrated hands are not products of Apptronik. The dexterity results depend on a 22-degree-of-freedom hand made by Sharpa, a company founded at the end of 2024, and Apptronik has not said whether any hand of that complexity will ship on an Apollo.^[16][26]

Apollo 2 is best understood as the robot foundation model era's equivalent of a development mule: a machine built to generate imitation learning data and host somebody else's policies, deliberately not optimized for cost or for a datasheet. Whether the approach works is a question about Apollo 3, and about whether the numbers in the tables above move far enough between now and then.

See also

• Apptronik
• Apptronik Apollo
• Gemini Robotics 2
• Humanoid robot
• Sharpa
• Dexterous hand
• Humanoid robot deployments
• Whole-body control

References

1. ^Apptronik, "Welcome to Robot Park: Where Apptronik's Apollo Goes to Work Training the Next Generation of Humanoid Robot Intelligence," June 30, 2026. apptronik.com/...re-apptroniks-apollo-goes-to-work
2. ^Apptronik, "Apollo 2," accessed July 24, 2026. apptronik.com/...apollo-2
3. ^Akash Sriram, Reuters, "Apptronik launches robot training hub, unveils Apollo 2 humanoid robot," June 30, 2026. sahmcapital.com/...llo-2-humanoid-robot-2026-06-30
4. ^John Koetsier, "Apptronik CEO on Apollo 3, Robot Park, and Google DeepMind," July 2026. johnkoetsier.com/...robot-park-and-google-deepmind
5. ^Apptronik, "Apptronik Unveils Apollo," August 23, 2023. apptronik.com/...apptronik-unveils-apollo
6. ^Association for Advancing Automation, "Apptronik Plans to Debut Next Humanoid This Year," September 25, 2025. automate.org/...next-humanoid-will-debut-this-year
7. ^NASA Spinoff, "Humanoid Robots Assist Assembly Lines," 2026. spinoff.nasa.gov/...d_Robots_Assist_Assembly_Lines
8. ^Gemini Robotics Team et al., "Gemini Robotics: Bringing AI into the Physical World," arXiv:2503.20020, March 2025. arxiv.org/...2503.20020
9. ^Jabil, "Apptronik and Jabil Collaborate to Scale Production of Apollo Humanoid Robots and Deploy in Manufacturing Operations," February 25, 2025. investors.jabil.com/...default
10. ^Apptronik, "Apptronik and Mercedes-Benz Enter Commercial Agreement," March 15, 2024. apptronik.com/...s-benz-enter-commercial-agreement
11. ^GXO Logistics, "GXO Advances Humanoid Strategy, Announces Multi-Phase R&D Initiative with Apptronik," June 20, 2024. globenewswire.com/...R-D-initiative-with-Apptronik
12. ^Nicholas Paine, Jonas Fox, and Bradley Resh, "Compact, High Performance Series Elastic Actuator," U.S. Patent 11,035,743, June 15, 2021. patents.google.com/...en
13. ^Paul Gloninger Fleury, Nicholas Arden Paine, and Jonas Alexan Fox, "Radially Stacked Actuator," U.S. Patent 11,967,882, April 23, 2024. patents.google.com/...en
14. ^Paul Gloninger Fleury, Nicholas Arden Paine, and Jonas Alexan Fox, "Humanoid Robot," U.S. Patent Application US20250042020A1, February 6, 2025. patents.google.com/...en
15. ^Brian Heater, Association for Advancing Automation (A3), "Apptronik Opens 90,000 sq ft Testing Site for New Apollo 2 Humanoid," June 30, 2026. automate.org/...aph
16. ^Carolina Parada, "Gemini Robotics 2 brings whole body intelligence to robots," Google DeepMind, July 30, 2026. deepmind.google/...ole-body-intelligence-to-robots
17. ^Gemini Robotics Team, "Gemini Robotics 2: Safety Evaluations," Google DeepMind, July 29, 2026 (PDF). storage.googleapis.com/...ni-Robotics-2-Safety.pdf
18. ^Lora Kolodny, CNBC, "Apptronik raises $520 million to beat Chinese humanoids, Tesla Optimus to market," February 11, 2026. cnbc.com/...t-5-billion-valuation-for-apollo-robot
19. ^Apptronik, "Apptronik Closes Over $935 Million Series A," February 11, 2026. apptronik.com/...-closes-over-935-million-series-a
20. ^IEEE Spectrum, "Apptronik Introduces Apollo Humanoid Robot," August 23, 2023. spectrum.ieee.org/humanoid-robot
21. ^Apptronik, "Apptronik Collaborates with NVIDIA," March 18, 2024. apptronik.com/...apptronik-collaborates-with-nvidia
22. ^Apptronik, "Apptronik Partners with Google DeepMind Robotics to Accelerate Advancement on AI-powered Humanoid Robots," December 19, 2024. apptronik.com/...ers-with-google-deepmind-robotics
23. ^Apptronik, "Apptronik Accelerates Commercialization with Key Executive Hires," April 28, 2026. apptronik.com/...lization-with-key-executive-hires
24. ^Beijing Inspire Robots Technology Co., Ltd., "The Dexterous Hands," accessed July 31, 2026. en.inspire-robots.com/...the-dexterous-hands
25. ^PSYONIC, "Apptronik launches humanoid robot," August 2023. psyonic.io/...apptronik-launches-humanoid-robot
26. ^Sharpa, "SharpaWave," accessed July 31, 2026. sharpa.com/...sharpawave
27. ^Unitree Robotics, "Unitree H2," accessed July 31, 2026. unitree.com/H2
28. ^1X Technologies, "NEO," accessed July 31, 2026. 1x.tech/neo
29. ^Figure, "Introducing Figure 03," October 9, 2025. figure.ai/...introducing-figure-03
30. ^Agility Robotics, "Robots," accessed July 31, 2026. agilityrobotics.com/robots
31. ^John Koetsier, Forbes, "Apptronik Announces Robot Park, A 90,000 Square Foot Humanoid Data Factory, Teases New Robot," June 30, 2026. forbes.com/...manoid-data-factory-teases-new-robot
32. ^Apptronik via GlobeNewswire, "Welcome to Robot Park: Where Apptronik's Apollo Goes to Work Training the Next Generation of Humanoid Robot Intelligence," June 30, 2026. globenewswire.com/...f-humanoid-robot-intelligence
33. ^Apptronik, "Press Releases," archive index, accessed July 31, 2026. apptronik.com/...press-releases
34. ^Steven Hansen and Peng Xu, "Introducing Gemini Robotics ER 2," Google (The Keyword), July 30, 2026. blog.google/...gemini-robotics-er-2